ABSTRACT
Laboulbeniales are highly specific ectoparasitic fungi of arthropods (insects, millipedes, and arachnids). The first Laboulbeniales parasitizing the millipede order Chordeumatida (Diplopoda) were discovered and described as a new dioecious genus of Laboulbeniales, Thaxterimyces, to accommodate the new species T. baliensis. Also the millipede host is a new species and is described as Metopidiothrix sheari. This is the first time Laboulbeniales fungus and its millipede host are described as new together. Males of Metopidiothrix have the most extensive secondary sexual modifications in the entire class Diplopoda. Although nothing is known about the function of these modifications, the unique pattern of Laboulbeniales infection in the new millipede species is obviously related to host sexual behavior. Rotational Scanning Electron Micrographs (rSEM) are used to create a 3D comprehensive model to examine the fungal-host interaction, a more advanced visualization of the ectoparasitic fungus on its host. Laboulbeniales diversity on millipedes is still understudied, and a consistent effort is needed to unveil and understand the extent and diversity of this biological interaction. 
Due to their minute size and apparently non-detrimental effect on their hosts, Laboulbeniales in general have been largely ignored by mycologists and neglected by generations of entomologists. As a result a significant component of global biodiversity has been strongly underestimated, and a wealth of new discoveries is still to be made both in the field and in existing museum collections.

Reference: Reboleira A.S.P.S., Enghoff H. & Santamaria S. (2018). Novelty upon novelty visualized by rotational scanning electron micrographs (rSEM): Laboulbeniales on the millipede order Chordeumatida. Plos One, 13(11): e0206900. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206900

Grateful to the Geological Institute of Denmark (GEUS) for the kind invitation to share my knowledge on groundwater ecology in the "PI RURAL Joint Meeting WP3 and WP4", at the Water Resources Research Institute of Shandong Province" in Jinan, China, from 12-15 November 2018.

Reboleira, A.S.P.S (2018). Groundwater life and pollution: how to integrate ecology in the sustainable management and protection of water resources?

ABSTRACT
​The new species of millipede Cylindroiulus villumi is described from a cave in the Estremenho karst massif in central Portugal. It is the first cave-adapted species of its genus with a strict subterranean life-style in continental Europe, and is the fifth blind species of the genus. The new species is illustrated with photographs and diagrammatic drawings. It is tentatively placed in the purely Iberian Cylindroiulus perforatus-group. The differences between the new species and its relatives are discussed, as well as its adaptations to a subterranean life-style.

Reference
Reboleira A.S.P.S. & Enghoff H. (2018). First continental troglobiont Cylindroiulus millipede (Diplopoda, Julidae). Zookeys, 795: 93-103. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27619